Gas Phase Filters and Equipment
To effectively filter and protect the users from the Chemical pollutants and to have the desired operations uninterrupted JAPAN AIR FILTER(), have appropriate and optimum Gas Phase Filtration solutions for all the diversified requirements in the filtration industry.
The entire range of Gas Phase Filtration can be grouped as below:
- Commercial HVAC for Indoor Air Quality (IAQ) requirements such as odour control, kitchen exhaust purification, offices, hospitals and others.
- Semiconductor, Microelectronics & Pharmaceuticals clean rooms.
- Industrial Laboratories, Gas Storage Areas & other emergency scrubbing requirements.
- Industrial HVAC & Data Centres for corrosion control requirements to comply as per ISA standards of Control Room designs.
- Odour control in Sewage, Waste Water Treatment Plants and Water Treatment plants.
- Toxic Gas Purification such as Military and Radio Active (Nuclear Power Plant) gases.
For more details please contact +974 31104553 , info@maven-trading.com
Our Filters
- Media
- Modules
- Equipments
- Pleated Filters
- Lab Capabilities
- Terracarb
- Terracarb G
- Terracarb Acid
- Terracarb Base
- Terraoxi
- Terraoxi Blend
- Terrablend CC
- Terrablend Bs
- Terrablend WA
- TerraGrid
Terracarb
Terracarb, are derived from Superior Quality, Coal based, Virgin Activated Carbon with No Binders, Formed in Extruded Cylindrical, Porous Pellets, Terracarb shall have Tested & Approved high removal efficiencies and capacities for wide spectrum of Pollutants by Adsorption Technique, especially, when supplied with , positive sealing, Air Filtration Systems.
- Coal Based Virgin Activated Carbon
- Utilizes Adsorption Technique to remove Target impurities.
- Can Remove Wide Spectrum of Impurities.
- Can Simultaneously handle Multiple Impurities.
- Best Media for all the Indoor Air Quality (IAQ) Requirements.
- Suitable for all type of Installations such as Deep Filtration Beds, Cassette & Canister Module equipment systems.
- Easy to Install and Replace.
Terracarb G
Terracarb G are derived from Superior Quality, Coal or Coconut Shell Based, Vrigin Activated Carbon, with NO-Binders, Formed in Granular shape with various Mesh Sizes, Porous Pelletes, Terracarb G shall have Tested and Approved high removal Efficiencies & capacities for wide Spectrum of Pollutants by Absorption Technique, especially, when supplied with , positive sealing, Air Filtration Systems.
- Coal Based Virgin Activated Carbon
- Utilizes Adsorption Technique to remove Target impurities.
- Can Remove Wide Spectrum of Impurities.
- Can Simultaneously handle Multiple Impurities.
- Best Media for all the Indoor Air Quality (IAQ) Requirements.
- Suitable for all type of Installations such as Deep Filtration Beds, Cassette & Canister Module equipment systems.
- Easy to Install and Replace.
Terracarb Acid
Terracarb Acid, are derived from Superior Quality, Coal based, Activated Carbon with No Binders, Formed in Extruded Cylindrical, Porous Pellets suitably impregnated to Target all type of Acid Gas Pollutants. Terracarb Acid shall have Tested & Approved high removal efficiencies and capacities for wide spectrum of specific pollutants by Chemisorption method to remove pollutants by Adsorption, Absorption and Chemical Reaction, especially, when supplied with positive sealing Air Filtration System.
- Coal Based Virgin Activated Carbon
- Specifically, Target Acid Gas Impurities
- Utilizes Chemisorption method to remove Target Pollutants.
- Can Remove Wide Spectrum of Impurities.
- Can Simultaneously handle Multiple Impurities.
- Ideal Media to use in typical carbon-based system.
- Totally Safe and Non-Toxic(New) Media.
- Suitable for all type of Installations such as Deep Filtration Beds, Cassette & Canister Module equipment systems.
- Easy to Install and Replace.
Terracarb Base
Terracarb Base, are derived from Superior Quality, Coal based, Activated Carbon with No Binders, Formed in Extruded Cylindrical, Porous Pellets suitably impregnated to Target various Ammonia based Pollutants. Terracarb Base shall have Tested & Approved high removal efficiencies and capacities for wide spectrum of specific pollutants by Chemisorption method to remove pollutants by Adsorption, Absorption and Chemical Reaction, especially, when supplied with positive sealing Air Filtration System.
- Coal Based Virgin Activated Carbon
- Specifically, Target Ammonia & Amine Impurities.
- Utilizes Chemisorption method to remove Target Pollutants.
- Can Remove Wide Spectrum of Impurities.
- Can Simultaneously handle Multiple Impurities.
- Ideal Media to use in typical carbon-based system.
- Totally Safe and Non-Toxic(New) Media.
- Suitable for all type of Installations such as Deep Filtration Beds, Cassette & Canister Module equipment systems.
- Easy to Install and Replace.
Terraoxi
Terraoxi are derived from Superior Quality, Activated Alumina combined with other special binders, Formed in Spherical, Porous Pellets, precisely impregnated with high Quality Potassium Permanganate(KMnO4) to Target Wide Spectrum of Gaseous Pollutants. TerraOxi shall have Tested and Approved high removal Efficiencies & Capacities for various specific pollutants by Chemisorption method, especially when, supplied with, Positive Sealing, Air Filtration System.
- Activated Alumina Based Oxidization Media.
- Utilizes Chemisorption method to remove Target Pollutants.
- Can Remove Wide Spectrum of Impurities.
- Can Simultaneously handle Multiple Impurities.
- Most Suitable Media for all the Indoor Air Quality (IAQ) Requirements.
- Totally Safe and Non-Toxic(New) Media.
- Suitable for all type of Installations such as Deep Filtration Beds, Cassette & Canister Module equipment systems.
- Easy to Install and Replace.
Terraoxi Blend
TERRAOXI BLEND is equal volume blend of Fresh Chemical Media, TerraOxi/ TerraCarb, to target removal of Wide Spectrum of Gaseous Pollutants, TerraOxi Blend shall have Tested & Approved High removal efficiencies & capacities for various specific pollutants by Chemisorption & Adsorption/ Absorption method especially, when supplied with , Positive sealing, Air Filtration System.
TERRAOXIDE BLEND are generally designed to target Wide Range(Low Concentration) of pollutants rather than removing few Specific ( High Concentration) of Pollutants. The use of TerraOxi Blend can help the designer save equipment space by designing one bed for the entire Spectrum of pollutants rather than having few beds of different media.
- Equal Volume Blend of Terracarb & Terra Oxi Media.
- Activated Alumina Based Oxidization Media.
- Activated Carbon Based Adsorption/ Absorption Media.
- Can Remove Wide Spectrum of Impurities.
- Most Suitable Media for all the Indoor Air Quality (IAQ) Requirements.
- Totally Safe and Non-Toxic(New) Media.
- Suitable for all type of Installations such as Deep Filtration Beds, Cassette & Canister Module equipment systems.
- Easy to Install and Replace.
Terrablend CC
TerraBlend CC is customized special brand of Fresh Chemical Media, TerraOxi/TerraCarb Acid, to target removal of spectrum of Wide Spectrum of Acid Gas Pollutants. Terra Blend:CC shall have tested & Approved high removal Efficiencies & Capacities for various specific pollutants by Chemisorption & Adsorption/ Absorption method especially, when supplied with , Positive sealing, Air Filtration System.
TERRABLEND CC are generally designed to target Wide Range( Low-Medium Concentration) of pollutants rather than removing few Specific ( High Concentration) of Pollutants. The use of TerraBlend CC can help the designer save equipment space by designing one bed for the entire Spectrum of pollutants rather than having few beds of different media.
- Custom/ Special Blend consisting of TerraOxi+TerraCarb Acid media.
- Activated Alumina Based Oxidization Media
- Activated Carbon- Based Absorption Media.
- Can Remove Wide Spectrum of Impurities.
- Most Suitable Media for all the Indoor Air Quality (IAQ) Requirements.
- Totally Safe and Non-Toxic(New) Media.
- Suitable for all type of Installations such as Deep Filtration Beds, Cassette & Canister Module equipment systems.
- Easy to Install and Replace.
Terrablend BS
TERRABLEND BS is customized special blend of Fresh Chemical Media, TerraCarb/ TerraOxi/TerraCarb Acid, to target removal of wide range of Gaseous Pollutants, from Acid Gas to all type of Volatile Organic Compound( VOCs). TerraBlend BS shall have tested & Approved high removal Efficiencies & Capacities for various specific pollutants by Chemisorption & Adsorption/ Absorption method especially, when supplied with HAF, Positive sealing, Air Filtration System.
TERRABLEND BS are generally designed to target Wide Range Acid Gases & Odourous (Low to Medium Concentration) of pollutants rather than removing few specific(High Concentration) of Pollutants. The use of TerraBlend: BS can help the designer save equipment space by designing one bed for entire spectrum of Odorous pollutants rather than having few beds of different media, So, good energy save potential.
- Custom/ Special Blend consisting of TerraOxi+TerraCarb Acid media.
- Activated Alumina Based Oxidization Media
- Activated Carbon- Based Absorption Media.
- Can Remove Wide Spectrum of Impurities.
- Save Space Design & Good Energy Saving Potential.
- Totally Safe and Non-Toxic(New) Media.
- Suitable for all type of Installations such as Deep Filtration Beds, Cassette & Canister Module equipment systems.
- Easy to Install and Replace.
Terra Blend WA
Terra Blend WA is customized special Blend of Fresh Chemical Media TerraCarb/ TerraOxi/ TerraCarb Base, to target removal of Waste/ Sewage Gaseous Pollutants. TerraBlend WA shall have tested & Approved high removal Efficiencies & Capacities for various specific pollutants by Chemisorption & Adsorption/ Absorption method especially, when supplied with HAF, Positive sealing, Air Filtration System.
TerraBlend WA are generally designed to target Wide Range Odorous (Low to Medium Concentration) of pollutants rather than removing few specific (High Concentration) of Pollutants. The use of Terra Blend WA can help the designer save equipment space by designing one bed for entire spectrum of Odorous pollutants rather than having few beds of different media.
- Custom Blend consisting of Terracarb + TerraOxi + Terracarb Base Media.
- Activated Alumina Based Oxidization Media
- Activated Carbon- Based Absorption Media.
- Most Suitable Media for Waste and Sewage smell removal requirements
- Totally Safe and Non-Toxic(New) Media.
- Suitable for all type of Installations such as Deep Filtration Beds, Cassette & Canister Module equipment systems.
- Easy to Install and Replace.
TerraGrid
TerraGrid is one of the best odour removal media developed with latest technology in chemical Filter Media. This can be installed in any kind of HVAC Requirements to remove almost all type of chemical Pollutants ranging from Acid Base and Vocs.
TerraGrid filter modules are made with high density and best quality Activated Carbon Media Powder, having a minimum 60% Carbon Tetra Chloride(CTC) activity, which measure the porosity of Activated Carbon. TerraGrid have the lowest pressure drop with best contact surface area and highest possible removal Efficiencies. This media has a very high hardness and good abrasion resistance to make them suitable to have Ultra Low Dust Carry-Over to subsequent Air Stream.
- Latest Technology in Chemical Filter Media.
- Very low pressure drop- High Energy Saving Potential.
- Available in various specifications & Size.
- Can remove wide spectrum of Impurities.
- ULTRA LOW DUST Carry over.
- Totally safe & Non-Toxic Fresh Media.
- Easy to Install and Replace.
- Cassette Modules
- Canister Modules
- AP Trays
Cassette Modules
12CS and 18CS CASSETTE MODULES are designed duly considering all the contemporary nuances required in the industry to have Best Energy Saving without compromising performance and removal efficiency. Also , Designed universally to suit any type of Retrofit in almost all type of Track Arrangements.
- Standard Plastic (HIPS Extrusion) Modules.
- Designed Universally to fit all type of Retrofit.
- Specially Designed for Energy Saving.
- Available in 12” and 18” standard depths.
- Suitable to work up to 500FPM(2.54m/s)
- Suitable for Low PPM to PPB Levels of contaminants.
- Available with all choices of Media.
- Supplied with Positive Sealing Tracks.
Canister Modules
CANISTER MODULES 18CT and 24CT are supplied in pre-designed sheet metal holding frames suitable to hold fixed numbers of individual modules on each individual frame. Each individual holding frame shall be suitable to fit standard dimension filter section in the Air Handlers suitable for easy installation with standard HVAC equipment tools and fasteners.
- Available as both Metal and Plastic Modules.
- Engineered inlet screen for Low Resistance.
- Available in 18” and 24”standard depths.
- Suitable to work upto 500FPM(2.54m/s)
- Suitable for Low PM to PPB levels of contaminants.
- Easy to install, replace and refit.
- Available with All choices of Chemical Media.
- Supplied with Holding frames in Metal.
AP Trays
AP TRAYS are usually custom designed for utilization in front, rear or side access carbon filter housing with AP Trays arranged in V-Shapes. The Trays are made from Galvanized channels and Galvanized perforated plates. In the middle a distance holder M8x24 is placed, preventing the cell from bulging. Then the chemical media is filled with Honeycomb Grid to prevent settling. A soft Gasket is provided on the length side of the cell to avoid any Air By Pass during operations.
- Sturdy, Robust, All Metal Construction.
- Available in various specification and sizes.
- Can remove Wide Spectrum of Impurities.
- Totally Safe and Non Toxic Fresh Media.
- Easy to Install and Replace.
- Good Flexibility of Gas Phase Media Choices.
- Stand Alone Purifier
- Side Access Purifier
- Deep Bed Purifier
- Front Access Purifier
- Electrostatic Precipitator
Stand Alone Purifier
Stand Alone Purifier / Pressurizer, are designed to control & eliminate both particulate and chemical pollutants from air stream, typically, low to medium concentration levels suitably for IAQ, Corrosion Control & other similar pollutant removal applications. The units shall be Self Sufficient for recirculation & pressurization applications with in-built low noise fans assembly and controls.
- Low Noise, Stand-Alone Construction.
- Low Power EC fans with in-built VFD controls.
- Multiple stages of both particulate and chemical filters.
- Standard Double Wall Constructions.
- Available in various sheet metal options, like, Aluminium,Painted Steel, Galvanized Steel & Stainless Steel (AISI304, 316, 316L & other grades)
- Customized Design available to suit both Commercial and Industrial Requirements.
- Options available to include Honey Comb Activated Carbon Grids, base frame U-channels, lifting lugs,weather proofing, Special Fan & Motors, Sound Insulations, Floor Rollers, In-Built online monitoring systems etc.,
Side Access Purifier
Side Access Purifier, SAP, are designed to control & eliminate both particulate and chemical pollutants from air stream, typically, low to medium concentration levels suitably for IAQ, Corrosion Control & other similar pollutant removal applications.
- Single & Double Wall Constructions
- Space Saving Side Access Design.
- Available in various sheet metal options, like,Aluminium, Painted Steel, Galvanized Steel & Stainless Steel (AISI 304, 316, 316L & other grades)
- More than 50 Standard Size Housings utilizing standard filter size components.
- Customized Design available to suit both Commercial and Industrial Requirements.
- Options available to include in-built Fan housing, base frame U-channels, lifting lugs, weather proofing, Intake Louvers & Rain Louvers.
Deep Bed Purifier
Deep Bed Purifier, DBP, are designed to control & eliminate both particulate and chemical pollutants from air stream, typically, for highly demanding requirements with High Concentration of Pollutants in PPM Levels, usually in various Industrial HVAC & other related Applications.
- Designed to handle high PPM levels of Pollutant concentrations, typically, for SEVERE Ambient.
- Provides “Comprehensive” Air Quality Assurance utilizing both Particulate & Chemical Filtration technologies.
- Customized Chemical Media Beds, designed for maximum “Media – Pollutant Air” Contact, Residence, Time.
- Engineered Media Inlet Screens & Particulate Filters to have best Energy Efficiency.
- Suitable for all types of Critical & Industrial Applications.
- Offered with Lab Services to have Media Remaining Life Alerts, Performance Monitoring & Field Improvements.
- Available with In-Built Fan Sections & Factory Installed Control Panels & other customized options.
Front Access Purifier
Front Access Purifier, FAP, are designed to control & eliminate both particulate and chemical pollutants from air stream, typically, low to medium concentration levels suitably for IAQ, Corrosion Control & other similar pollutant removal applications.
- Compact Standard Size Filter Housings with both dust filter and chemical Media Modules.
- Ideal to Install into Air Handlers and Duct works,for both new and retrofit requirements.
- Utilizes low pressure drop Chemical Media Cassette Modules to have good Energy Saving potential.
- Universal compatibility due to Standard Size Housings utilizing standard filter sizes.
- Can be supplied with various chemical media choices and dust filter efficiencies within the standard sizes given.
- High Removal Efficiencies guaranteed due to Positive Sealing Track & Gasketing arrangements.
Electrostatic Precipitator
Electrostatic Precipitators (ESP), EP Series, is a filtration device that removes fine particles, like dust and smoke, from a flowing air stream using the force of an induced electrostatic charge minimally resisting the flow of gases through the unit. The units shall be Self Sufficient with control schematics to have effective removal of particle sizes down 0.01μm, like smoke, mist & Fumes.
- High Collection Efficiencies to remove up to 99% of sizes down to 0.01μm particles.
- Effective to remove very small particles like smoke, mist & Fumes.
- Range of dust removal is sufficiently large (0.01 - 1μm).
- Low Pressure Drop.
- Proven Results on Kitchen Exhaust Purification.
- Mirasorb
- Mirasorb HC
- MiraCarb
- DeaCarb
- DeaSorb
- Tetracarb CE and Tetracarb TY
Mirasorb
MiraSorb are Premium Grade, highly effective and efficient chemical filter modules with powdered carbon / chemical media designed to target & remove wide spectrum of gaseous pollutants for various types of Commercial and Industrial Applications with low to moderate concentrations of pollutants. Best Suited for various types of Indoor Air Quality (IAQ) requirements and proven to be very effective on wide range of odorous pollutants, mainly identified in urban areas, like, Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs), SOx, NOx, Ozone etc.,
MiraSorb can replaces existing HVAC filters of the same type without changes for frames or latches. MiraSorb filters are individually sealed after QC inspection per the quality procedures defined on ISO 9001 Quality Manuals.
- Premium Grade Chemical Filters in sturdy Plastic Frames
- Best Filters for Indoor Air Quality (IAQ) & other Odor/Smell Removal Requirements
- Suitable for Replacing the existing particulate filters
- Powdered Media with Highest Yield & Reactivity Index
- Energy Saving, Mini-Pleated V-Bank Design,Low Resistance
- Available with different types of Activated Carbon Media & other Special Blend Media
- Fully Incinerable, Corrosion Resistant, Halogen Free
Mirasorb HC
MiraSorb HC are Premium Quality, highly effective and efficient chemical filter modules with powdered carbon / chemical media designed with honeycomb structure to target & remove wide spectrum of gaseous pollutants for various types of Commercial and Industrial Applications with low to moderate concentrations of pollutants. Best Suited for various types of Indoor Air Quality (IAQ) requirements and proven to be very effective on wide range of odorous pollutants, mainly identified in urban areas, like, Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs), SOx, NOx, Ozone etc.,
- Honey Comb Panel Type Chemical Media Filters
- Fully Non-Metal, Plastic Frame, Construction
- Suitable for Replacing the existing particulate filters
- Powdered Media with Highest Yield & Reactivity Index
- Energy Saving, Mini-Pleated V-Bank Design with high chemical media content, Low Resistance,High Air Flow
- Available with different types of Activated Carbon Media & other Special Blend Media
- Fully Incinerable, Corrosion Resistant, Halogen Free
MiraCarb
MiraCarb activated Carbon filters are designed to remove wide range of airborne molecular contaminants for various types of requirements and applications. These are Rigid Type Extended-Surface filter modules that can provide long lasting performance and best removal efficiencies.
- Rigid Type Extended-Surface filter.
- Can remove both particulate and gaseous contaminant
- Activated carbon CTC 60% for best removal of VOCs
- Suitable for Low PPM to PPB levels of contaminants
- Available with all choices of Chemical Media
- Single header, double header and non-header
DeaCarb
DeaCarb is fully disposable type powdered carbon media filters designed to remove both gaseous & particulate pollutants for various types of Commercial and Industrial Applications with low to moderate concentrations of pollutants. Best Suited for various types of Indoor Air Quality (IAQ) requirements and proven to be very effective on wide range of odorous pollutants identified in the following applications, but not limited to:
- Commercial Buildings, Shopping Complexes
- Hospitals, Health Care Facilities, Medical Research & Laboratories
- Hotels, Restaurants, Food Courts & Commercial Kitchen Exhausts
- Data-Centers & Critically Controlled Ambients
- Libraries, Museums & Auditoriums
- Proven Indoor Air Quality (IAQ) filter
- Quick & Easy Solution for odor removal requirements
- Can remove both particulate and gaseous pollutants
- Suitable for Replacing the existing particulate pre-filters
- Chemical Media is bonded to Non-Woven Polyester Fibers
- Suitable for PPB levels of contaminants
- Available with different types of Activated Carbon Media & other Special Blend Media
- Fully Disposable & Totally Safe
DeaSorb
DeaSorb is fully disposable type powdered carbon media filters designed to remove only gaseous pollutants for various types of Commercial and Industrial Applications with very low to low concentrations of pollutants, especially Volatile Organic Compounds. Ideal for various types of low concentration pollutant removal by carbon adsorption technique in many of the Indoor Air Quality (IAQ) requirements and proven to be very effective on wide range of odorous pollutants identified in the following applications, but not limited to:
- Commercial Buildings, Shopping Complexes
- Hospitals, Health Care Facilities, Medical Research & Laboratories
- Hotels, Restaurants, Food Courts & Commercial Kitchen Exhausts
- Data-Centers & Critically Controlled Ambients
- Libraries, Museums & Auditoriums
- Activated Carbon Media Filter for Low Pollutant Volumes
- Ideal Solution for odor removal requirements
- Very Low Carbon Dust Carry Over
- Suitable for Replacing the existing particulate pre-filters
- Carbon Media is bonded to Non-Woven Polyester Fibers
- Suitable for low PPB levels of contaminants
- Fully Disposable & Totally Safe
- Low Pressure Drop with good energy saving potential
Tetracarb CE and Tetracarb TY
Japan Air Filter () provides built-to-order filtration systems for airborne molecular contamination (AMC) in the form of vapors or aerosols that can cause detrimental effects on products or processes. From pleated filter to chemical media, we offer the solution to remove various chemicals including organics, acids, bases, metals, and dopants. provide AMCs solution with our industry leading experience in supplying various customized chemical filter for EFU, FFU, RAU and OAC.
- Reactivity Measurement Kit
- Environmental Condition Monitor
- Media Remaining Life Analysis
Reactivity Measurement Kit
Reactivity Measurement Kit (RMK) is designed in compliance to reactivity measurement methods defined as per ANSI/ISA-71.04.2013. RMK shall consist of 99.999% Pure Copper & 99.99% Pure Silver Metal Strip Coupons mounted on Plastic Laminated Panel and shall start reacting with the gases in the controlled environment of exposure to form corrosion films. The thickness (Angstrom) and nature of the corrosion film developed on the Copper & Silver Coupons will provide details about the environment severity levels.
- Measures Air Reactivity as per ANSI/ISA- 71.04.2013
- Qualifies & Quantifies the presence of Reactive Gases in the controlled Environment
- Handy tool & Very Reliable method to provide Air Quality Assessment Reports
- Can measure performance of the Chemical Filters installed.
- Utilizes constant-current coulometric method accordance to ASTM B 825-02 to determine the corrosion rate of the exposed environment
Environmental Condition Monitor
Environmental Condition Monitor (ECM) is a multiparameter monitoring system that provides constant surveillance of the environment and immediate detection of any deterioration that could result in damage to expensive equipment and valuable assets. Early detection to any conditions that may promote corrosion will allow corrective action to be taken when the damage on sensitive computer and instrumentation systems or electrical equipment is still evitable.
- Corrosion rate of Copper and Silver Sensors as per ANSI/ISA-71.04.2013
- Monitors corrosion rate, relative humidity, temperature and differential pressure
- High sensitivity corrosion rate measurement
- Provides both Digital and Analog outputs
- Optional storage in on-board datalogger that is accessible with PC software
Media Remaining Life Analysis
’s Media Remaining Life Analysis is a testing service made available for our customers and sales representatives. Samples of media are tested periodically to assure filter performance is maintained within the specification, as there are other factors that might impact the media life, apart from the gaseous removal process alone. Types of gas-phase filter media offered by range from virgin activated carbon, impregnated carbon and impregnated alumina. The media remaining life analysis is carried out as per the type of media installed at the targeted customer location.
- Monitors media usage for a gas phase filtration system.
- Analysis is capable to predict chemical media’s remaining life
- Information obtained can reflect
- 3 existing system’s characteristics and effectiveness
- 3 replacement cycle necessary for maximum performance.